Previously, I have posted code for a simple hospital bed occupancy model using SimPy. Here, the same model is presented by written using an object-based method. This approach would allow for a more sophisticated model to be produced – each patient exists as an object in the model. Here we only have the patient object have id and length-of-stay attributes, but these could be expanded to include, for example, clinical group.
"""
This model requires simpy to run (pip install simpy). All other modules
should are present in an Anaconda installation of Python 3. The model was
written in Python 3.6.
This model simulates the random arrival of patients at a hospital. Patients
stay for a random time (given an average length of stay). Both inter-arrival
time and length of stay are sampled from an inverse exponential distribution.
Average inter-arrival time and length of stay may be changed by changing their
values in class g (global variables). At intervals the number of beds occupied
are counted in an audit, and a chart of bed occupancy is plotted at the end of
the run.
There are four classes:
g (global variables)
--------------------
This class stores global variables. No individual object instance is used;
global variables are stored as class variables.
Hospital
--------
Hospital class (one instance created):
1) Dictionary of patients present
2) List of audit times
3) List of beds occupied at each audit time
4) Current total beds occupied
5) Admissions to data
The Hospital class contains methods for audit of beds occupied, summarising
audit (at end of run), and plotting bed occupancy over time (at end of run).
Model
-----
The model class contains the model environment. The modelling environment is
set up, and patient arrival and audit processes initiated. Patient arrival
triggers a spell for that patient in hospital. Arrivals and audit continue
fort he duration of the model run. The audit is then summarised and bed
occupancy (with 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles) plotted.
Patient
-------
The patient class is the template for all patients generated (each new patient
arrival creates a new patietn object). The patient object contains patient id
and length of stay.
Main
----
Code entry point after: if __name__ == '__main__'
Creates model object, and runs model
"""
# Import required modules
import simpy
import random
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
class g:
"""g holds Global variables. No individual instance is required"""
inter_arrival_time = 1 # Average time (days) between arrivals
los = 10 # Average length of stay in hospital (days)
sim_duration = 500 # Duration of simulation (days)
audit_interval = 1 # Interval between audits (days)
class Hospital:
"""
Hospital class holds:
1) Dictionary of patients present
2) List of audit times
3) List of beds occupied at each audit time
4) Current total beds occupied
5) Admissions to data
Methods:
__init__: Set up hospital instance
audit: records number of beds occupied
build_audit_report: builds audit report at end of run (calculate 5th, 50th
and 95th percentile bed occupancy.
chart: plot beds occupied over time (at end of run)
"""
def __init__(self):
"""
Constructor method for hospital class"
Initialise object with attributes.
"""
self.patients = {} # Dictionary of patients present
self.audit_time = [] # List of audit times
self.audit_beds = [] # List of beds occupied at each audit time
self.bed_count = 0 # Current total beds occupied
self.admissions = 0 # Admissions to data
return
def audit(self, time):
"""
Audit method. When called appends current simulation time to audit_time
list, and appends current bed count to audit_beds.
"""
self.audit_time.append(time)
self.audit_beds.append(self.bed_count)
return
def build_audit_report(self):
"""
This method is called at end of run. It creates a pandas DataFrame,
transfers audit times and bed counts to the DataFrame, and
calculates/stores 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles.
"""
self.audit_report = pd.DataFrame()
self.audit_report['Time'] = self.audit_time
self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'] = self.audit_beds
self.audit_report['Median_beds'] = \
self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'].quantile(0.5)
self.audit_report['Beds_5_percent'] = \
self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'].quantile(0.05)
self.audit_report['Beds_95_percent'] = \
self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'].quantile(0.95)
return
def chart(self):
"""
This method is called at end of run. It plots beds occupancy over the
model run, with 5%, 50% and 95% percentiles.
"""
plt.plot(self.audit_report['Time'],
self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'],
color='k',
marker='o',
linestyle='solid',
markevery=1,
label='Occupied beds')
plt.plot(self.audit_report['Time'],
self.audit_report['Beds_5_percent'],
color='0.5',
linestyle='dashdot',
markevery=1,
label='5th percentile')
plt.plot(self.audit_report['Time'],
self.audit_report['Median_beds'],
color='0.5',
linestyle='dashed',
label='Median')
plt.plot(self.audit_report['Time'],
self.audit_report['Beds_95_percent'],
color='0.5',
linestyle='dashdot',
label='95th percentile')
plt.xlabel('Day')
plt.ylabel('Occupied beds')
plt.title(
'Occupied beds (individual days with 5th, 50th and 95th ' + \
'percentiles)')
# plt.legend()
plt.show()
return
class Model:
"""
The main model class.
The model class contains the model environment. The modelling environment is
set up, and patient arrival and audit processes initiated. Patient arrival
triggers a spell for that patient in hospital. Arrivals and audit continue
for the duration of the model run. The audit is then summarised and bed
occupancy (with 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles) plotted.
Methods are:
__init__: Set up model instance
audit_beds: call for bed audit at regular intervals (after initial delay for
model warm-up)
new_admission: trigger new admissions to hospital at regular intervals.
Call for patient generation with patient id and length of stay, then call
for patient spell in hospital.
run: Controls the main model run. Initialises model and patient arrival and
audit processes. Instigates the run. At end of run calls for an audit
summary and bed occupancy plot.
spell: increments beds occupied, stores patient in hospital patient list
dictionary, waits for patient length of stay and then decrements beds
occupied and removes patient from hospital patient list.
"""
def __init__(self):
"""
Constructor class for new model.
"""
self.env = simpy.Environment()
return
def audit_beds(self, delay):
"""
Bed audit process. Begins by applying delay, then calls for audit at
intervals set in g.audit_interval
:param delay: delay (days) at start of model run for model warm-up.
"""
# Delay first audit
yield self.env.timeout(delay)
# Continually generate audit requests until end of model run
while True:
# Call audit (pass simulation time to hospital.audit)
self.hospital.audit(self.env.now)
# Delay until next call
yield self.env.timeout(g.audit_interval)
return
def new_admission(self, interarrival_time, los):
"""
New admissions to hospital.
:param interarrival_time: average time (days) between arrivals
:param los: average length of stay (days)
"""
while True:
# Increment hospital admissions count
self.hospital.admissions += 1
# Generate new patient object (from Patient class). Give patient id
# and set length of stay from inverse exponential distribution).
p = Patient(patient_id=self.hospital.admissions,
los=random.expovariate(1 / los))
# Add patient to hospital patient dictionary
self.hospital.patients[p.id] = p
# Generate a patient spell in hospital (by calling spell method).
# This triggers a patient admission and allows the next arrival to
# be set before the paitent spell is finished
self.spell = self.spell_gen(p)
self.env.process(self.spell)
# Set and call delay before looping back to new patient admission
next_admission = random.expovariate(1 / interarrival_time)
yield self.env.timeout(next_admission)
return
def run(self):
"""
Controls the main model run. Initialises model and patient arrival and
audit processes. Instigates the run. At end of run calls for an audit
summary and bed occupancy plot
"""
# Set up hospital (calling Hospital class)
self.hospital = Hospital()
# Set up starting processes: new admissions and bed audit (with delay)
self.env.process(self.new_admission(g.inter_arrival_time, g.los))
self.env.process(self.audit_beds(delay=20))
# Start model run
self.env.run(until=g.sim_duration)
# At end of run call for bed audit summary and bed occupancy plot
self.hospital.build_audit_report()
self.hospital.chart()
return
def spell_gen(self, p):
"""
Patient hospital stay generator. Increment bed count, wait for patient
length of stay to complete, then decrement bed count and remove patient
from hospital patient dictionary
:param p: patient object (contains length of stay for patient)
"""
# Increment bed count
self.hospital.bed_count += 1
# Wait for patient length of stay to complete
yield self.env.timeout(p.los)
# Decrement bed count and remove patient from hospital patient
# dictionary
self.hospital.bed_count -= 1
del self.hospital.patients[p.id]
return
class Patient:
"""
Patient class. Contains patient id and length of stay (it could contain
other info about patient, such as priority or clinical group.
The only method is __init__ for creating a patient (with assignment of
patient id and length of stay).
"""
def __init__(self, patient_id, los):
"""
Contructor for new patient.
:param patient_id: id of patient (set in self.new_admission)
:param los: length of stay (days, set in self.new_admission)
"""
self.id = patient_id
self.los = los
return
def main():
"""
Code entry point after: if __name__ == '__main__'
Creates model object, and runs model
"""
model = Model()
model.run()
return
# Code entry point. Calls main method.
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
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