Previously, I have posted code for a simple hospital bed occupancy model using SimPy. Here, the same model is presented by written using an object-based method. This approach would allow for a more sophisticated model to be produced – each patient exists as an object in the model. Here we only have the patient object have id and length-of-stay attributes, but these could be expanded to include, for example, clinical group.
""" This model requires simpy to run (pip install simpy). All other modules should are present in an Anaconda installation of Python 3. The model was written in Python 3.6. This model simulates the random arrival of patients at a hospital. Patients stay for a random time (given an average length of stay). Both inter-arrival time and length of stay are sampled from an inverse exponential distribution. Average inter-arrival time and length of stay may be changed by changing their values in class g (global variables). At intervals the number of beds occupied are counted in an audit, and a chart of bed occupancy is plotted at the end of the run. There are four classes: g (global variables) -------------------- This class stores global variables. No individual object instance is used; global variables are stored as class variables. Hospital -------- Hospital class (one instance created): 1) Dictionary of patients present 2) List of audit times 3) List of beds occupied at each audit time 4) Current total beds occupied 5) Admissions to data The Hospital class contains methods for audit of beds occupied, summarising audit (at end of run), and plotting bed occupancy over time (at end of run). Model ----- The model class contains the model environment. The modelling environment is set up, and patient arrival and audit processes initiated. Patient arrival triggers a spell for that patient in hospital. Arrivals and audit continue fort he duration of the model run. The audit is then summarised and bed occupancy (with 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles) plotted. Patient ------- The patient class is the template for all patients generated (each new patient arrival creates a new patietn object). The patient object contains patient id and length of stay. Main ---- Code entry point after: if __name__ == '__main__' Creates model object, and runs model """ # Import required modules import simpy import random import pandas as pd import matplotlib.pyplot as plt class g: """g holds Global variables. No individual instance is required""" inter_arrival_time = 1 # Average time (days) between arrivals los = 10 # Average length of stay in hospital (days) sim_duration = 500 # Duration of simulation (days) audit_interval = 1 # Interval between audits (days) class Hospital: """ Hospital class holds: 1) Dictionary of patients present 2) List of audit times 3) List of beds occupied at each audit time 4) Current total beds occupied 5) Admissions to data Methods: __init__: Set up hospital instance audit: records number of beds occupied build_audit_report: builds audit report at end of run (calculate 5th, 50th and 95th percentile bed occupancy. chart: plot beds occupied over time (at end of run) """ def __init__(self): """ Constructor method for hospital class" Initialise object with attributes. """ self.patients = {} # Dictionary of patients present self.audit_time = [] # List of audit times self.audit_beds = [] # List of beds occupied at each audit time self.bed_count = 0 # Current total beds occupied self.admissions = 0 # Admissions to data return def audit(self, time): """ Audit method. When called appends current simulation time to audit_time list, and appends current bed count to audit_beds. """ self.audit_time.append(time) self.audit_beds.append(self.bed_count) return def build_audit_report(self): """ This method is called at end of run. It creates a pandas DataFrame, transfers audit times and bed counts to the DataFrame, and calculates/stores 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles. """ self.audit_report = pd.DataFrame() self.audit_report['Time'] = self.audit_time self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'] = self.audit_beds self.audit_report['Median_beds'] = \ self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'].quantile(0.5) self.audit_report['Beds_5_percent'] = \ self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'].quantile(0.05) self.audit_report['Beds_95_percent'] = \ self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'].quantile(0.95) return def chart(self): """ This method is called at end of run. It plots beds occupancy over the model run, with 5%, 50% and 95% percentiles. """ plt.plot(self.audit_report['Time'], self.audit_report['Occupied_beds'], color='k', marker='o', linestyle='solid', markevery=1, label='Occupied beds') plt.plot(self.audit_report['Time'], self.audit_report['Beds_5_percent'], color='0.5', linestyle='dashdot', markevery=1, label='5th percentile') plt.plot(self.audit_report['Time'], self.audit_report['Median_beds'], color='0.5', linestyle='dashed', label='Median') plt.plot(self.audit_report['Time'], self.audit_report['Beds_95_percent'], color='0.5', linestyle='dashdot', label='95th percentile') plt.xlabel('Day') plt.ylabel('Occupied beds') plt.title( 'Occupied beds (individual days with 5th, 50th and 95th ' + \ 'percentiles)') # plt.legend() plt.show() return class Model: """ The main model class. The model class contains the model environment. The modelling environment is set up, and patient arrival and audit processes initiated. Patient arrival triggers a spell for that patient in hospital. Arrivals and audit continue for the duration of the model run. The audit is then summarised and bed occupancy (with 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles) plotted. Methods are: __init__: Set up model instance audit_beds: call for bed audit at regular intervals (after initial delay for model warm-up) new_admission: trigger new admissions to hospital at regular intervals. Call for patient generation with patient id and length of stay, then call for patient spell in hospital. run: Controls the main model run. Initialises model and patient arrival and audit processes. Instigates the run. At end of run calls for an audit summary and bed occupancy plot. spell: increments beds occupied, stores patient in hospital patient list dictionary, waits for patient length of stay and then decrements beds occupied and removes patient from hospital patient list. """ def __init__(self): """ Constructor class for new model. """ self.env = simpy.Environment() return def audit_beds(self, delay): """ Bed audit process. Begins by applying delay, then calls for audit at intervals set in g.audit_interval :param delay: delay (days) at start of model run for model warm-up. """ # Delay first audit yield self.env.timeout(delay) # Continually generate audit requests until end of model run while True: # Call audit (pass simulation time to hospital.audit) self.hospital.audit(self.env.now) # Delay until next call yield self.env.timeout(g.audit_interval) return def new_admission(self, interarrival_time, los): """ New admissions to hospital. :param interarrival_time: average time (days) between arrivals :param los: average length of stay (days) """ while True: # Increment hospital admissions count self.hospital.admissions += 1 # Generate new patient object (from Patient class). Give patient id # and set length of stay from inverse exponential distribution). p = Patient(patient_id=self.hospital.admissions, los=random.expovariate(1 / los)) # Add patient to hospital patient dictionary self.hospital.patients[p.id] = p # Generate a patient spell in hospital (by calling spell method). # This triggers a patient admission and allows the next arrival to # be set before the paitent spell is finished self.spell = self.spell_gen(p) self.env.process(self.spell) # Set and call delay before looping back to new patient admission next_admission = random.expovariate(1 / interarrival_time) yield self.env.timeout(next_admission) return def run(self): """ Controls the main model run. Initialises model and patient arrival and audit processes. Instigates the run. At end of run calls for an audit summary and bed occupancy plot """ # Set up hospital (calling Hospital class) self.hospital = Hospital() # Set up starting processes: new admissions and bed audit (with delay) self.env.process(self.new_admission(g.inter_arrival_time, g.los)) self.env.process(self.audit_beds(delay=20)) # Start model run self.env.run(until=g.sim_duration) # At end of run call for bed audit summary and bed occupancy plot self.hospital.build_audit_report() self.hospital.chart() return def spell_gen(self, p): """ Patient hospital stay generator. Increment bed count, wait for patient length of stay to complete, then decrement bed count and remove patient from hospital patient dictionary :param p: patient object (contains length of stay for patient) """ # Increment bed count self.hospital.bed_count += 1 # Wait for patient length of stay to complete yield self.env.timeout(p.los) # Decrement bed count and remove patient from hospital patient # dictionary self.hospital.bed_count -= 1 del self.hospital.patients[p.id] return class Patient: """ Patient class. Contains patient id and length of stay (it could contain other info about patient, such as priority or clinical group. The only method is __init__ for creating a patient (with assignment of patient id and length of stay). """ def __init__(self, patient_id, los): """ Contructor for new patient. :param patient_id: id of patient (set in self.new_admission) :param los: length of stay (days, set in self.new_admission) """ self.id = patient_id self.los = los return def main(): """ Code entry point after: if __name__ == '__main__' Creates model object, and runs model """ model = Model() model.run() return # Code entry point. Calls main method. if __name__ == '__main__': main()
2 thoughts on “87. SimPy: A simple hospital bed occupancy model (object-based)”