If an ANOVA test has identified that not all groups belong to the same population, then methods may be used to identify which groups are significantly different to each other.
Below are two commonly used methods: Tukey’s and Holm-Bonferroni.
These two methods assume that data is approximately normally distributed.
Setting up the data, and running an ANOVA
import numpy as np
import scipy.stats as stats
# Create four random groups of data with a mean difference of 1
mu, sigma = 10, 3 # mean and standard deviation
group1 = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, 50)
mu, sigma = 11, 3 # mean and standard deviation
group2 = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, 50)
mu, sigma = 12, 3 # mean and standard deviation
group3 = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, 50)
mu, sigma = 13, 3 # mean and standard deviation
group4 = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, 50)
# Show the results for Anova
F_statistic, pVal = stats.f_oneway(group1, group2, group3, group4)
print ('P value:')
print (pVal)
OUT:
P value:
1.6462001201818463e-08
For the multicomparison tests we will put the data into a dataframe. And then reshape it to a stacked dataframe
# Put into dataframe
df = pd.DataFrame()
df['treatment1'] = group1
df['treatment2'] = group2
df['treatment3'] = group3
df['treatment4'] = group4
# Stack the data (and rename columns):
stacked_data = df.stack().reset_index()
stacked_data = stacked_data.rename(columns={'level_0': 'id',
'level_1': 'treatment',
0:'result'})
# Show the first 8 rows:
print (stacked_data.head(8))
OUT:
id treatment result
0 0 treatment1 12.980445
1 0 treatment2 8.444603
2 0 treatment3 10.713692
3 0 treatment4 10.777762
4 1 treatment1 14.350560
5 1 treatment2 9.436072
6 1 treatment3 12.715509
7 1 treatment4 15.016419
Tukey’s multi-comparison method
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukey’s_range_test
This method tests at P<0.05 (correcting for the fact that multiple comparisons are being made which would normally increase the probability of a significant difference being identified). A results of ’reject = True’ means that a significant difference has been observed.
from statsmodels.stats.multicomp import (pairwise_tukeyhsd,
MultiComparison)
# Set up the data for comparison (creates a specialised object)
MultiComp = MultiComparison(stacked_data['result'],
stacked_data['treatment'])
# Show all pair-wise comparisons:
# Print the comparisons
print(MultiComp.tukeyhsd().summary())
OUT:
Multiple Comparison of Means - Tukey HSD,FWER=0.05
====================================================
group1 group2 meandiff lower upper reject
----------------------------------------------------
treatment1 treatment2 1.5021 -0.0392 3.0435 False
treatment1 treatment3 1.47 -0.0714 3.0113 False
treatment1 treatment4 3.8572 2.3159 5.3985 True
treatment2 treatment3 -0.0322 -1.5735 1.5091 False
treatment2 treatment4 2.355 0.8137 3.8963 True
treatment3 treatment4 2.3872 0.8459 3.9285 True
Holm-Bonferroni Method
See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holm%E2%80%93Bonferroni_method
The Holm-Bonferroni method is an alterantive method.
comp = MultiComp.allpairtest(stats.ttest_rel, method='Holm')
print (comp[0])
OUT:
Test Multiple Comparison ttest_rel
FWER=0.05 method=Holm
alphacSidak=0.01, alphacBonf=0.008
=====================================================
group1 group2 stat pval pval_corr reject
-----------------------------------------------------
treatment1 treatment2 -2.1234 0.0388 0.0776 False
treatment1 treatment3 -2.4304 0.0188 0.0564 False
treatment1 treatment4 -6.4443 0.0 0.0 True
treatment2 treatment3 0.0457 0.9637 0.9637 False
treatment2 treatment4 -3.7878 0.0004 0.0017 True
treatment3 treatment4 -5.0246 0.0 0.0 True
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